{"id":396,"date":"2010-12-22T05:59:02","date_gmt":"2010-12-21T22:59:02","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/nvntung.wordpress.com\/?p=106"},"modified":"2010-12-22T05:59:02","modified_gmt":"2010-12-21T22:59:02","slug":"bioinformatics-terms-part1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.itersdesktop.com\/fr\/2010\/12\/22\/bioinformatics-terms-part1\/","title":{"rendered":"Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef trong Bioinformatics (Ph\u1ea7n 1)"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Cell:<\/strong> \ufeffl\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng do nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc Robert Hooke (18 July 1635\u00a0\u2013 3 March 1703, m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean)\u00a0ngh\u0129 ra v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng sinh v\u1eadt (organisms) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111ang t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i; l\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb nh\u1ecf nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 sinh v\u1eadt, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft bacteria, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t cell (g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 unicellular). Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 sinh v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng sinh v\u1eadt ch\u1ee9a nhi\u1ec1u cell (g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 multicellular). C\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3n\u00a0100 trillion hay 10<sup>14<\/sup> cells; k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t cell l\u00e0\u00a010\u00a0<a title=\"Micrometre\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Micrometre\">\u00b5m<\/a> v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t mass c\u1ee7a cell th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 1\u00a0<a title=\"Nanogram\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nanogram\">nanogram<\/a>. [2]<\/p>\n<p><strong>Metabolic Pathway<\/strong>: l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u00e3y ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc (series of chemical reactions) x\u1ea3y ra b\u00ean trong cell. B\u00ean trong nh\u1eefng d\u00e3y ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y, m\u1ed9t h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ch\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c qua m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc. Nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00fac t\u00e1c (catalysed) b\u1edfi c\u00e1c enzymes v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ebd y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c vitamins v\u00e0 kho\u00e1ng ch\u1ea5t (minerals) \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ee3p l\u00fd.<\/p>\n<p>Nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh, Archibald Garrod, \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u1ec1 metabolic pathways v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1909. \u00d4ng cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c metabolic pathways quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t b\u00ean trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 glycolysis (pathway \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean), v\u00f2ng Krebs (Krebs cycle),\u00a0oxidative phosphorylation and gluconeogenesis. T\u1eadp h\u1ee3p t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng pathway b\u00ean trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi (human body) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0\u00a0metabolic network, v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh sinh h\u00f3a v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t cell.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Metabolism<\/strong>: l\u00e0 t\u1eadp c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc x\u1ea3y ra b\u00ean trong sinh v\u1eadt \u0111ang t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng (C\u00f3 kh\u00e1c g\u00ec v\u1edbi metabolic pathway kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ec9?). C\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p sinh v\u1eadt ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n (grow) v\u00e0 t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o (reproduce), duy tr\u00ec (maintain) c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng (respond) v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng xung quanh ch\u00fang.\u00a0Metabolism th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n chia th\u00e0nh hai nh\u00f3m. Catabolism b\u1ebb g\u00e3y (break down) c\u00e1c organic matter (ho\u1eb7c organic material), v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec3 thu n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong cellular respiration. Anabolism s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a cells nh\u01b0 proteins v\u00e0 nucleic acids.\u00a0<span style=\"color:#0000ff;\"><em>The chemical reactions of metabolism are organized into\u00a0metabolic pathways<\/em><\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>[1]\u00a0\ufeff\ufeff\ufeff\ufeff\ufeff<a href=\"http:\/\/www.wisegeek.com\/what-is-the-metabolic-pathway.htm\">http:\/\/www.wisegeek.com\/what-is-the-metabolic-pathway.htm<\/a><\/p>\n<p>[2]\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cell_(biology)\">http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cell_(biology)<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Cell: \ufeffl\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng do nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc Robert Hooke (18 July 1635\u00a0\u2013 3 March 1703, m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c&hellip; <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[2,20],"tags":[38,47,48,74,78,84,105],"class_list":["post-396","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-bioinformatics","category-terms-in-bioinformatics","tag-bacteria","tag-cell","tag-cellular","tag-metabolic-pathway","tag-multicellular","tag-organism","tag-unicellular"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.itersdesktop.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/396","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.itersdesktop.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.itersdesktop.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.itersdesktop.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.itersdesktop.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=396"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.itersdesktop.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/396\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.itersdesktop.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=396"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.itersdesktop.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=396"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.itersdesktop.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=396"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}