{"id":2246,"date":"2015-10-16T17:23:38","date_gmt":"2015-10-16T15:23:38","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.itersdesktop.com\/vi\/?p=2246"},"modified":"2015-10-16T17:44:39","modified_gmt":"2015-10-16T15:44:39","slug":"is-this-world-small","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.itersdesktop.com\/vi\/2015\/10\/16\/is-this-world-small\/","title":{"rendered":"Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y nh\u1ecf b\u00e9 kh\u00f4ng?"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/p>\n

V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 th\u00f4ng tin, m\u1ea1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111ang d\u1ea7n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi nhau. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m cho ch\u00fang ta g\u1ea7n g\u0169i v\u1edbi nhau h\u01a1n. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ng\u1ed3i \u1edf Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m quen m\u1ed9t b\u1ea1n \u1edf t\u1eadn \u0111\u00e2u tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y. Li\u1ec7u r\u1eb1ng ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi r\u1eb1ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y nh\u1ecf b\u00e9 ch\u0103ng?<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u00e2n l\u00fac \u0111\u1ecdc l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t status c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n Anh V\u0169<\/a> n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 c\u1ee5m t\u1eeb Six Degrees of Separation, t\u00f4i nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u00e0i b\u00e1o ng\u00e0y x\u01b0a \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecdc li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m “small-world networks<\/strong>” (t\u1ea1m d\u1ecbch: m\u1ea1ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u00e9 nh\u1ecf<\/em>). Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a c\u1ee5m t\u1eeb n\u00e0y th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a g\u00ec cho khoa h\u1ecdc, t\u00f4i xin tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y l\u1ea1i ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn theo nh\u1eefng g\u00ec t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a Ramco Van Der Hofstad [1] v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

N\u0103m 1967, Stanley Milgram th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m th\u00fa v\u1ecb. Mu\u1ed1n bi\u1ebft th\u00eam th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00ed h\u1ecdc Milgram, xin m\u1eddi xem th\u00eam \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y: http:\/\/www.stanleymilgram.com\/milgram.php<\/a>.\u00a0Trong b\u00e0i th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, Milgram \u0111\u00e3 g\u1edfi 60 l\u00e1 th\u1eed \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 tuy\u1ec3n d\u1ee5ng kh\u00e1c nhau \u1edf Wichita (Kansas, USA), h\u1ecd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1edd chuy\u1ec3n l\u00e1 th\u01b0 \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t sinh vi\u00ean ng\u00e0nh th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc s\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u1edf Cambridge, Massachusetts. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0a l\u00e1 th\u01b0 \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 quen bi\u1ebft t\u00ecnh c\u1edd c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 h\u1ecd ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng l\u00e1 th\u01b0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00edch ho\u1eb7c ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, ho\u1eb7c qua “b\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n – friend of a friend<\/strong>“. Trong 50 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia th\u1eed th\u00e1ch n\u00e0y, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 3 l\u00e1 th\u01b0 (g\u1ea7n 5%) th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00fang. V\u00e0o nh\u1eefng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m sau \u0111\u00f3, \u00f4ng qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed l\u00e0m sao \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng t\u1eeb 35% th\u1eadm ch\u00ed \u0111\u1ebfn 95% b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3 v\u1edd r\u1eb1ng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ki\u1ec7n h\u00e0ng cao, v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 th\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u th\u00f4ng tin r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3. Xem th\u00eam [2,3] \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u th\u00eam chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

\"Six
Six Degrees of Separation Simulation. Source:\u00a0http:\/\/arthistoryteachingresources.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/08\/sixdegsep1.jpg<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf th\u00ec \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e0 vi\u1ebft k\u1ecbch ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hungary t\u00ean l\u00e0 Frigyes Karinthy \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1929 trong m\u1ed9t truy\u1ec7n ng\u1eafn c\u00f3 t\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec1 “Chain” [4], xem th\u00eam [5], trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch l\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng kh\u00e1c. Nh\u00e0 vi\u1ebft k\u1ecbch John Guare \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn m\u1eabu truy\u1ec7n qua v\u1edf k\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng n\u0103m 1990 v\u1edbi t\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec1 Six Degrees of Separation [6], \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c IMDb \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 6\/10<\/a>. (\u0110\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 t\u00ean m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i h\u00e1t https:\/\/youtu.be\/FCT6Mu-pOeE). Trong v\u1edf k\u1ecbch \u0111\u00f3, Ousa, t\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt, \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

\n

\u201cEverybody on this planet is separated only by six other people. Six degrees\u00a0of separation. Between us and everybody else on this planet. The president\u00a0of the United states. A gondolier in Venice… It\u2019s not just the big names.\u00a0It\u2019s anyone. A native in the rain forest. (…) An Eskimo. I am bound to\u00a0everyone on this planet by a trail of six people. It is a profound thought.<\/em>\u201d.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

https:\/\/youtu.be\/FCT6Mu-pOeE<\/a><\/p>\n

B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem qua m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 phim n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

https:\/\/youtu.be\/2aQXayEw8_k<\/a><\/p>\n

V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea5t k\u00ec bao nhi\u00eau ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nhau th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i t\u1ed1i \u0111a 6 n\u00fat trung gian th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111ang l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 n\u1ebfu hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eeb hai v\u00f9ng xa x\u00f4i nh\u01b0 Greenland v\u00e0 Amazone c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau qua m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i 6 “friends of friends”. Do \u0111\u00f3, th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0m cho c\u00e2u\u00a0\u201cIt\u2019s a small world<\/strong>\u201d r\u1ea5t ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p trong k\u1ec9 nguy\u00ean m\u1ea1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. M\u1ed9t tham kh\u1ea3o c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb kh\u00e1c trong c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 “small-world” c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u th\u00eam l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a\u00a0Pool v\u00e0 Kochen [7], \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft n\u0103m 1958, v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lan truy\u1ec1n trong khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u01a1n 20 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n n\u0103m\u00a01978.<\/p>\n

\u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Milgram \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2001 b\u1edfi gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Duncan Watts c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Columbia. Watts \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m l\u1ea1i th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a Milgram b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t th\u01b0 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 “g\u00f3i h\u00e0ng” c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111i. D\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb 61,168 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n t\u1eeb 166 qu\u1ed1c gia, bao g\u1ed3m trong \u0111\u00f3 24,163 chu\u1ed7i th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t [8]. Th\u00f4ng tin ghi nh\u1eadn bao g\u1ed3m d\u0129 nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1edfi ti\u1ebfp theo n\u1eb1m trong chu\u1ed7i c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1edfi sau \u0111\u00f3. M\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean m\u00e0 Watts \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm ra l\u00e0 con s\u1ed1 trung b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi trung gian l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 6 (xem th\u00eam \u1edf [9] \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft th\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u ph\u00e2n t\u00edch s\u00e2u s\u1eafc th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea d\u1eef li\u1ec7u thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u1ee7a Milgram). Nh\u1edd v\u00e0o nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Watts, v\u00e0 t\u00ednh n\u00e2ng cao c\u1ee7a k\u0129 nguy\u00ean m\u00e1y t\u00ednh, \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf ra l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c m\u1edbi trong nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn “six degrees of separation” trong nhi\u1ec1u l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft m\u1ea1ng ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi cung c\u1ea5p \u0111i\u1ec7n gia d\u1ee5ng, s\u1ef1 lan truy\u1ec1n b\u1ec7nh d\u1ecbch, l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed3 th\u1ecb, truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 m\u1ea1ng m\u00e1y t\u00ednh. Xem th\u00eam trang web https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Small-world_experiment<\/a> \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea1n t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u th\u00f4ng tin Watts x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng d\u1ef1 \u00e1n Small-World.<\/p>\n

\"The
The average person needs just 4.74 ‘hops’ to get to anybody in the world, be it a Hollywood star or a peasant living in the rural China. The figure has gone down from 5.28 in 2008 and has been caused by the rise in social networking and sharing websites.
Read more: http:\/\/www.dailymail.co.uk\/sciencetech\/article-2064746\/Facebook-shrinks-degrees-separation-just-FOUR.html#ixzz3ojmUWBKX
Follow us: @MailOnline on Twitter | DailyMail on Facebook<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Facebook l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng small-world network. C\u00e1c b\u1ea1n th\u1eed l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n: ch\u1ecdn m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n tr\u00ean facebook c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n, sau \u0111\u00f3 ki\u1ec3m tra xem b\u1ea1n quen b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00f3 qua m\u1ea5y n\u00fat (trung gian).\u00a0Nh\u1edd Facebook m\u00e0 b\u00e2y gi\u1edd ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n 4 n\u00fat trung gian (4 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n trung gian) [1, 10].<\/p>\n

T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o<\/h2>\n

[1] Remco van de Hofstad, http:\/\/www.win.tue.nl\/~rhofstad\/NotesRGCN.pdf, accessed in 15.10.2015<\/p>\n

[2] S. Milgram. The small world problem. Psychology Today, May:60\u201367, (1967).<\/p>\n

[3]\u00a0J. Travers and S. Milgram. An experimental study of the small world problem.\u00a0Sociometry, 32:425\u2013443, (1969).<\/p>\n

[4] F. Karinthy. Chains. In Everything is different. Publisher unknown, (1929).<\/p>\n

[5] M. E. J. Newman, D. J. Watts, and A.-L. Barab \u0301asi. The Structure and Dynamics of Networks. Princeton Studies in Complexity. Princeton University Press,\u00a0(2006).<\/p>\n

[6]\u00a0https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Six_Degrees_of_Separation_(play), accessed in 16.10.2015<\/p>\n

[7] I. de S. Pool and M. Kochen. Contacts and influence. Social Networks, 1:5\u201351,\u00a0(1978).<\/p>\n

[8] D. J. Watts. Small worlds. The dynamics of networks between order and randomness. Princeton Studies in Complexity. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, (1999).<\/p>\n

[9]\u00a0Peter Sheridan Dodds, Roby Muhamad, and Duncan J Watts. An experimental\u00a0study of search in global social networks. Science, 301(5634):827\u2013829, (2003).<\/p>\n

[10] http:\/\/www.dailymail.co.uk\/sciencetech\/article-2064746\/Facebook-shrinks-degrees-separation-just-FOUR.html<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 th\u00f4ng tin, m\u1ea1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111ang d\u1ea7n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c… <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":2250,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[376,245],"tags":[587,586],"class_list":["post-2246","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-my-researches","category-small-world-network","tag-is-this-world-small","tag-the-gioi-nay-nho-be-khong"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.itersdesktop.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2246","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.itersdesktop.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.itersdesktop.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.itersdesktop.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.itersdesktop.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2246"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/www.itersdesktop.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2246\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2258,"href":"https:\/\/www.itersdesktop.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2246\/revisions\/2258"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.itersdesktop.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2250"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.itersdesktop.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2246"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.itersdesktop.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2246"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.itersdesktop.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2246"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}